Bentham and Austin argued for law’s positivism; that real law is entirely separate from “morality”. Kant was additionally criticised by Friedrich Nietzsche, who rejected the precept of equality, and believed that law emanates from the desire to energy, and cannot be labeled as “moral” or “immoral”. Definitions of law typically elevate the query of the extent to which law incorporates morality. John Austin’s utilitarian reply was that law is “commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom individuals have a behavior of obedience”. Natural lawyers on the other aspect, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argue that law displays primarily ethical and unchangeable legal guidelines of nature. The idea of “pure law” emerged in historic Greek philosophy concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of Western culture through the writings of Thomas Aquinas, notably his Treatise on Law.
- To observe one’s personal inclinations,